Region:  Olinda, Brazil (New Holland)

Bibliography

Primary sources

Kort, bondigh ende waerachtigh verhael van ’t schandelijck overgeven ende verlaten vande voornaemste conquesten van Brasil, onder de regieringe vande heeren Wouter van Schonenburgh, ... 1654. 1655. Ed. J. Keuning. Middelburg: van Brouwershaven.

Extract uyt d’Articulen van het tractaet van bestant. 1641. n.p.

Bril-gesicht voor de verblinde eyghen baetsuchtige handelaers op Brasil by forme van advihjs door een liefhebber van’t vaderlandt geschreven aen synen vriendt. 1638. Gedrvckt : op het jaer.

Het spel van Brasilien, vergheleken by een goedt verkeer-spe. 1638. n.p.

Die nieuwe weerelt der landtschappen ende eylanden, die tot hier toe allen ouden weerelt bescrijveren onbe[k]ent geweest sijn. 1563. Trans. Cornelis Ablijn, ed. Cornelis Ablijn. Antwerp.

Acosta, José de. 1598. Historie naturael ende morael van de Westersche Indien. Haarlem.

Baardt, Pieter. 1630. Friesche Triton: Over t’geluckich veroveren van de stercke Stadt Olinda, met alle de forten in Fernambucq. Leeuwarden.

Baers, Joannes. 1630. Olinda, ghelegen int landt, inde capitania van Phernambuco, met mannelijcke dapperheyt ende groote couragie inghenomen, ende verovert op den 16. Februarij A. 1630. Amsterdam.

Barlaeus, Caspar. 1923. Nederlandsch Brazilië onder het bewind van Johan Maurits Grave van Nassau, 1637-1644. Trans. S. P. L'Honoré Naber, ed. S. P. L'Honoré Naber. ’s-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff.
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=rbc3&fileName=rbc0001_2006gen04248page.db.

———. 1659. Brasilianische Geschichte, Den Achtjähriger in selbigen Landen geführeter Regierung seiner fürstlichen Gnaden Hern Johan Moritz fürstens zu Nassau. Cleves.

———. 1632. Casparis Barlaei Mercator sapiens. Amsterdam: Ex Typographia Guilielmi Blaue.
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k942083/f4.image.

———. 1625. Basuyne des oorloghs, ofte Waerschouwinghe, aen de Vereenichde Nederlanden. [Amsterdam]: f. P. Walschaert.

Barlaeus, Caspar, and I. Mauritius. 1647. Casparis Barlaei Rervm per octennivm in Brasilia et alibi nuper gestarum sub praefectura illustrissimi comitis I. Mavritii, Nassoviae, &c. Comitis,: nunc vesaliae gubernatoris & equitatus fœderatorum Belgii ordd. sub Avriaco ductoris, historia. Amsterdam: ex typographeio Ioannis Blaev.
http://www.nationaalarchief.nl/amh/detail.aspx?page=dbron&lang=en&id=738.

Buma, Johannes Acronius van. 1688. Argo Belgica, sive de Expeditione Belgica in Africa et America, sub Propraefectura Celeberrimi Herois Michaelis Ruteri, Carmen Chronicum, Annum Congruum MDLXV Literis Chronicis accurate designans. Deventer.

Commelin, Isaac. 1656. Histoire de la Vie & Actes Memorables de Frederic Henry de Nassau. Amsterdam: Chéz la Vesve & les Heriteirs de Iudocus Ianssoinus.

Gijsius, Joannes. 1624. Goede nieuwe tijdinghe ghecomen met het jacht de Vos gheneamt, afghesonden van den general Jacob Wilckens uyt Bresilien, aen de Heeren Bewint-hebbers vande gheoctroyeerde West-Idische Compagnie. n.p.

Jansz, Broer. 1624. Goede nieuwe tijdinghe ghecomen met het Iacht de Vos ghenaemt, afghesonden vanden generael Iacob VVilckens uyt Bresilien, aen de heeren bevvint-hebbers vande Gheoctroyeerde West-Indische Compagnie. Amsterdam: Broer Iansz.

Laet, Jean de. 1641. Portugallia. Leyden.

Laet, Joannes de. 1630. Beschyvinghe van West-Indien. Leyden: bij de Elzevier.

Montanus, Arnoldus. 1671. De nieuwe en onbekende wereld, of, Beschryving van America en ’t Zuid-land, vervaetende d’oorsprong der Americaenen en Zuid-landers, gedenkwaerdige togten derwaerds, gelegenheid der vaste kusten, eilanden, steden, sterkten, dorpen, tempels, bergen, fonteinen, stroomen, huisen, de natuur van beesten, boomen, planten en vreemde gewasschen, gods-dienst en zeden, wonderlijke voorvallen, vereeuwde en nieuwe oorlogen, verciert met afbeeldsels na ’t leven in America gemaakt. Amsterdam: By Jacob Meurs boek-verkooper en plaet-snyder.

Moreau, Pierre. 1652. Klare en waarachtige beschryving van de leste beroerten en afval der Portugezen in Brasil; daar in d’oorsprong dezer zwarigheden en oorlogen klarelijk vertoont worden. Amsterdam: J. Hendriksz. en J. Rieuwertsz.
http://international.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=rbbr&fileName=0001//rbbr0001.db&recNum=0&itemLink=r?intldl/ascbrbib:@field(NUMBER+@od1(rbbr+0001))&linkText=0&presId=ascbrbib.

———. 1651. Histoire des derniers troubles du Bresil entre les Hollandois et les Portugais. Paris: Chez Augustin Courbé, au Palais en la Gallerie des Merciers, à la Palme.

Nieuhof, Johan. 1682. Johan Nieuhofs Gedenkweerdige Brasiliaense zee- en lantreize: behelzende al hetgeen op dezelve is voorgevallen : beneffens een bondige beschrijving van gantsch Neerlants Brasil ... : en inzonderheit een wijtloopig verhael der merkwaardigste voorvallen en geschiedenissen, die zich ... sedert het jaer 1640 tot 1649 hebben toegedragen. Amsterdam: voor de weduwe van Jacob van Meurs.
http://www.archive.org/stream/johannieuhofsged00nieu#page/n7/mode/2up.

Noot, Jan van der. 1639. Ontdeckinghe van rijcke mijnen in Brasil. Amsterdam: Ghedruckt voor I. van Hilten.

Piso, Willem, Joannes de Laet, Louis Elzevir, Franciscus Hackius, and Georg Marggraf. 1648. Historia naturalis Brasiliae: auspicio et beneficio illustriss. I. Mauriti Com. Nassau illius provinciae et maris summi praefecti adornata : in qua non tantum plantae et animalia, sed et indigenarum morbi, ingenia et mores describuntur et iconibus supra quingentas illustrantur. Leiden, Amsterdam: Apud Franciscum Hackium et apud Lud. Elzevirium.
http://www.botanicus.org/title/b12081164.

Plante, Francisco. 1642. Legatio Pernambucencis. n.p.: Ex Officina Wilhelmi Christiani.

Potty, Pieter. 1646. Copye, van een Brasiliaensen brieff gheschreven van Pieter Potty Brasiliaen en commanderende over’t regiment Brasiliaenen van Paraiba, aen Camaron [...] dato 31 october 1645. Amsterdam.

Richshoffer, Ambrosius. 1677. Brasilianisch und Westindianische Reise. n.p.

Santa Teresa, Giovanni Giuseppe de. 1698. Istoria delle guerre del Regno del Brasilie (...). Rome.

Twisck, Pieter Jansz. 1644. Tydingh uyt Brasijl aende Heeren Bewinthebberen van de West-Indische Compagnie, van wegen den tocht by den Generael Brouwer de Zuyd-Zee gedaen. Amsterdam.

Vargas, Thomas Tamayo de. 1628. Restauracion de la ciudad del Salvador, Baía de Todos-Sanctos en la Provincia del Brasil. Por las Armas de Don Phelippe IV, El Grande. Madrid: Por la viuda de Alonso Martin.

Vieira, João Fernandes. 1648. Brandt in Brasilien. Netherlands.

Wagenaer, Zacharias. 1614-1668. Thier-Buch. n.p.

Westindische Compagnie. 1638. De ghepretendeerden overlast van eenighe ingeboorenen ende inghesetenen, door de Zeeuwen ende wtheemsche kameren haer in Brasil aengedaen. n.p.

Secondary sources

Boxer, C. R. 1957. The Dutch in Brazil, 1624-1654. Oxford : Clarendon Press.

The Dutch in Brazil, 1624-1654 is a comprehensive review of the Dutch focusing their ambitions in Brazil and the need to fight off the Spanish/Portuguese trade companies from establishing themselves there. Charles R. Boxer details the successes of the Dutch East India Company, then continues to explain the inefficiency with which that success was maintained by Heeren XIX and the Dutch government that did not send enough monetary and manpower resources to aid in the conquest of the "New World." [Arjun Amrik Singh Ahluwalia]

Bremer-David, Charissa. 1994. “Le Cheval Rayé” A French Tapestry Portraying Dutch Brazil. The J. Paul Getty Museum Journal 22 : 21-9.

Charissa Bremer-David‘s article focus on the a series of tapestries produced in 1687 by the Golbelins manufactory, now known as Les Ancience Indes. The tapestries adapt images by two Dutch artists, Albert Eckhout (ca. I6I0-I665) and Frans Post (1612- 1680). While the original images and tapestries have a number of elements the modern viewers recognize as inaccurate, Bremer-David asserts “they constituted an early documentary effort at recording the nature, people, and landscape of the region… and evoked the immediate fascination of contemporaries, as court comments have recorded.”1 Beyond the inaccuracies in flora and fauna, Bremer-David notes that the arrangement of the jaguar and zebra ultimately derives from Renaissance and Roman images of lions killing horses. Bremer-David explores the sources of the other figures and suggests that the rhinoceros uses a print from Durer and that the archer may be an adaptation from Pollaiuolo’s The Battle of the Nude. Explaining the other native figures shown, Bremer-David suggests they may have been reworked to appease Madame de Maintenon, who objected to another Gobelins tapestry series, Les Sujets de la Fable (or Les Amours de Psyche). Bremer-David thus concludes, “For all the novelty of subject in Le Cheval Raye', traditional and contemporary artistic conventions provided the basis of composition.’ and that the French and Dutch artists drew on “European prototypes to portray the scene, applying exotic and foreign attributes to familiar forms.”2 1 Charissa Bremer-David, "Le Cheval Rayé": A French Tapestry Portraying Dutch Brazil", The J. Paul Getty Museum Journal 22 (1994): 21. 2 Bremer-David: 27. [Tyler Ostergaard]

Brienen, Rebecca Parker. 2006. Vision of savage paradise: Albert Eckhout, court painter in colonial Dutch Brazil. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.

The focus of this text is the role of artist Albert Eckhout in the brief but artistically-rich period of Johan Maurits’ governance of Dutch Brazil. Brienen approaches Eckhout’s work from a decidedly art historical point of view, noting her intent to “address questions related to style and representation, patronage, and the intended function of these images (20).” Chapter one serves as an introduction to the material by providing a biographical account of Eckhout’s life and work. Key to this introduction is the assertion that Eckhout’s work reflects both the artist’s personal interest in the natural sciences and that of his patron. The second chapter is dedicated to Eckhout’s natural history drawings, which, according to Brienen, constitute the “earliest comprehensive encounter with Brazilian nature (48).” Chapters three, four, and five share a broad focus on the ethnographic tendencies evident in Eckhout’s work. As a part of the third chapter, Brienen incorporates Ernst van den Boogaart's work in her discussion of a system of hierarchical organization of “exotic” populations. A useful tool, especially for art historians, is her overview of existing scholarly literature dedicated to Eckhout and other Dutch artists in Brazil included in the fourth chapter. The fifth chapter includes a more focused look at Eckhout’s ethnographic imagery, focusing on his depictions of Africans, Mestizos, and Mulattos. In the final chapter, Brienen makes the controversial statement that she feels that the majority of Eckhout’s paintings were created in Brazil. It is this statement in addition to the associations Brienen makes between Eckhout’s production and European visual and literary sources that cause Blacksberg to present a generally negative review of Brienen’s work, concluding that the book creates a number of questions and opens the doors to further art historical research. [Lauren M. Freese] Review available for consultation: Blacksberg, Leslie Ann. Reviewing Visions of a Savage Paradise: Albert Eckhout, Court Painter in Colonial Dutch Brazil, by Rebecca Parker Brienen. Renaissance Quarterly 60, no.4 (Winter 2007): 1376-1377.

Buvelot, Quentin, and Albert van der Eeckhout. 2004. Albert Eckhout: A Dutch artist in Brazil. Waanders: The Hague : Royal Cabinet of Paintings Mauritshuis.

This exhibition catalogue, with contributions by Quentin Buvelot, Dante Martins Teixeira, Elly de Vries, Florike Egmond, and Peter Mason, accompanied the exhibition Discovering Brazil with Albert Eckhout (1610-1666) in the Mauritshuis at the Hague from March 27 – June 27, 2004. This exhibition commemorated the 400th anniversary of the birth of Count Johan Maurits, a patron of painter Albert Eckhout. Eckhout completed many commissions for the count, both in Brazil and the Netherlands. Count Johan Maurits was not only governor-general of the Dutch colony in northeast Brazil, but was also a prominent patron of the arts and sciences, bringing not only Eckhout, but other artists and scientists such as Frans Post. Upon returning to Europe, the count used works created by these artists as diplomatic gifts, such as a group of 26 paintings, attributed to Eckhout, that were given to King Frederik III of Denmark (1609-1670). These paintings included eight large studies of Brazilians, a large representation of figures dancing, and twelve still life paintings with Brazilian flora and fauna. The exhibition also included some preliminary drawings which suggest Eckhout’s methods of observation. The exhibition catalogue focuses on these works, but also discusses possible influences on Eckhout. [Ashley Mason] Available Reviews: Moser, Benjamin. "Dutch Treat: Review of Albert Eckhout: A Dutch Artist in Brazil." The New York Review of Books 51, no. 13 (August 12, 2004): 8. Online.

da Silva, Maria Angélica, and Melissa Mota Alcides. 2002. Collecting and Framing the Wilderness: The Garden of Johan Maurits (1604-79) in North-East Brazil. Green History 30 : 153-76.

As the authors argue, the gardens of Johan Maurits (1604-79) form evidence of an early Dutch manifestation of gardening in seventeenth-century colonial Brazil. Soon after John Maurits came to Brazil in 1637 as governor of the colony he was impressed by the country’s fertile land and exuberant landscape, describing the prodigious Brazilian landscape as being in constant springtime. Even so, he carried out plans to improve on tropical nature, and his garden can be understood as a way of turning the wilderness into a sort of private paradise by submitting it to principles of Dutch culture. As the garden combined pleasure with science and economic pursuits, it can be considered the first botanical garden of America, housing important species of the flora and fauna not only of the New World, but also parts of the globe where the Dutch were expanding their dominions. Plants and animals were carefully cultivated in enclosed, geometric plots, organized by function, where they would be carefully selected, classified and studied and the information would be in paintings and books he commissioned. A Stoic garden aims to refresh the sense, especially that of sight. [Elizabeth Schmid]

Ferrão, Cristina, José Paulo Montiero Soares, E. van den Boogaart, Rebecca Parker Brienen, and Dante Martins Teixeira. 2002. Dutch Brazil. Petrópolis, Brazil: Editora Index.

Ferrão, Cristina, José Paulo Montiero Soares, Leonardo Dantas Silva, Dante Martins Teixeira, and Nelson Papavero. 2000. Dutch Brazil. Petrópolis, Brazil: Editora Index.

Maurits, Johan, E. van den Boogaart, Hendrik Richard Hoetink, and Peter James Palmer Whitehead. 1979. Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen, 1604-1679 : a humanist prince in Europe and Brazil : essays on the occasion of the tercentenary of his death. The Hague: Johan Maurits van Nassau Stichting.

Mentzel, Christian, and Andreas Cleyer. 1995. Brasil-Holandês = Dutch-Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Index.

Nieuhof, Johannes, and José Honório Rodrigues. 1981. Memorável viagem marítima e terrestre ao Brasil. Coleção reconquista do brasil. [Gedenkwaardige Braziliaanse zee- en landkreis]. Vol. nova sér., vol. 35. Belo Horizonte, Brasil : Editora Itatiaia.

Teixeira, Dante Martins, Samuel Niedenthal, and Jacob Wilhelm Griebe. 1998. Dutch Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Index.

Wagner, Zacharias, Cristina Ferrão, and José Paulo Montiero Soares. 1997. Dutch Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Index.

Whitehead, P. J. P. 1989. A portrait of Dutch 17th century Brazil: animals, plants and people by the artist Johan Maurits Nassau. Amsterdam; Oxford; New York: North-Holland Publishing Company.

Whitehead, Peter James Palmer, and M. Boeseman. 1989. A portrait of Dutch 17th century Brazil : animals, plants, and people by the artists of Johan Maurits of Nassau. Amsterdam ; New York : North-Holland Publishing Company.